7 Steps to Determine Your Optimal RRSP/TFSA Contribution Strategy
In the last article, we have looked individually at each of the six key factors for determining your optimum RRSP/TFSA contribution. In this article, we will put all these pieces together to create your optimal RRSP/TFSA strategy to determine the optimal contributions for you to make this year and in future years.
Putting all the 6 factors into a strategy in the optimal way is a combination of art and science. You need to look at each of the six factors and decide what makes sense. It would be nice if all six factors pointed to the same number, but that rarely happens.
The Steps to Determine your Optimal Strategy:
Step 1: Start with the annual contribution necessary to achieve your retirement goal.
Building up the nest egg you need to have the retirement you want is the real purpose of this long term investing, so you should start here.
Step 2: Adjust based on your tax bracket
A bit of planning can get you the maximum possible tax refund percentage. Hopefully, you can contribute the amount needed for your goal all within your current marginal tax bracket. If not, then we will have to consider what to do with the excess. We could contribute it as well, leave it for the following year, or contribute it to a different plan, such as your spouse’s RRSP or to a TFSA.
Step 3: RRSP or TFSA?
The deciding factors are your marginal tax bracket today when you contribute compared to your expected marginal tax bracket based after you retire and withdraw, including the effect of the clawback of government programs. The other issue is how you use your tax refund.
To determine whether RRSP or TFSA is better for you, you need to know what your expected income will be after you retire based on your retirement goal. In general, if your marginal tax bracket is higher today, then RRSP is better and if it will be higher after your retire (perhaps because of the clawbacks), then TFSA is better. If they will be the same, then TFSA is probably better, depending on how effectively you use your tax refund.
Step 4: Adjust based on your lifetime RRSP and TFSA contribution room
There are two possible issues here – running out of room and never using your room.
If you will run out of room, then how will you invest after you have hit the maximum?
If you will never run out of room, there are sometimes reasons to contribute more than is required for your retirement goal. The retirement goal is an estimate, so being ahead of your goal provides a buffer for future negative events. If you have cash available, you can take advantage of the RRSP and TFSA tax benefits.
Investing in an RRSP provides tax savings if you can get a larger tax refund today than the tax you will pay when you withdraw. Both RRSP and TFSA allow your investments to grow tax free.
Step 5: Adjust based on the tax refund you want
If you have a specific purpose for your tax refund, such as contributing to the RESP for your children or paying off a debt, then you may want to adjust your RRSP contribution in specific years. This may also affect your decision on spitting your contribution between RRSP and TFSA.
Step 6: Adjust based on cash or borrowed funds available
Note that the cash available includes your cash on hand, your expected tax refund, and the amount you can afford to borrow for your contributions. If you do not have the cash available to contribute the amount you want, there are a wide variety of strategies, such as the “RRSP top-up” and “2-year RRSP loan strategy” (both discussed in the last article) that can help you.
Step 7: Decide on your optimal RRSP/TFSA strategy
Once you have worked through the first 6 steps and weighed all the factors, you should be able to determine your optimal strategy. It should work for this year, and provide a plan for contributing in future years right through until you retire.
You should also consider how much of any RRSP contribution to contribute to a spousal RRSP. In general, it is a good idea to try to plan for you and your spouse to have similar taxable incomes after you retire. Some types of retirement income can be split, but not all types and the rules may change in the future. A spousal RRSP is a good tool for saving tax in the future through income splitting.
Your final decision should determine the specific RRSP, spousal RRSP, and/or TFSA contribution for both you and your spouse.
Stay tuned because the next article will feature a case study to make these concepts more concrete.
What is your optimal RRSP/TFSA contribution strategy?
About the Author: Ed Rempel is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP) and Certified Management Accountant (CMA) who built his practice by providing his clients solid, comprehensive financial plans and personal coaching. If you would like to contact Ed, you can leave a comment in this post, or visit his website EdRempel.com. You can read his other articles here.
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From what I gather in your article, TFSA contribution room does not really disappear. It accumulates until you max it. I hope I understood this correctly. My scenario description below will help to clarify this.
Let’s see: From 2009 on, I was contributing $5K every year until 2013, I did $5500 in 2014. In 2011, I withdrew $10K for personal reasons. Does this mean, I can put this withdrawn money back into TFSA? i.e., I should have 2009 to 2013 = 5K x 5 = $25K plus $5.5K in 2014 = a total of 30.5K contribution. (For simplicity, Investment appreciation over the years is not calculated here).
Right now, my TFSA is around $22K.(investments growth accounted for). For 2015, I can afford to add $5.5K plus the $10K (money withdrawn earlier) for a total of $15.5K in the beginning of 2015.
CRA will not penalize me for operating this TFSA like a bank account? Any light you can throw on this subject will be very helpful.
I thought once I withdraw money I cannot put it back. Am I right?
Second Qn: If I have US dividend paying stocks and US based ETF within TFSA, (in USFunds) during dividend distribution, why do they charge me withholding tax in USF? I thought it is supposed to be tax free?
Thanks for sharing your creative options!
It occurred to me that it would have made more sense to wait until I’d received our 2012 T4s before posting here, as my husband’s pension was adjusted last year due to him turning 65…but since we’ve started, may as well continue!
Here is some clarification:
We are splitting half of my husband’s pension income, which in 2011 equated to about $22,410 each. He also received around 12K of Retirement Compensation Agreement funds, which are not eligible for splitting.
However, last year he turned 65, and since his pension had a bridging benefit (he retired early at 52), and he became eligible for full OAS, the pension has been reduced to $49,800 gross. His CPP is folded into the pension, and makes up about $6600 of that.
In 2011 he did have income in the form of cap gains, interest and dividends totalling around 13K, but this will not be the case going forward, so we can assume that the pension/RCA, CPP and OAS will be his only income for the foreseeable future.
So to clarify, from 2012 onwards our approx numbers are:
Pension/CPP: 50K
OAS: 6.5K
Pension amt avail to split: 40K
My CPP disability income: 12K
As for the RDSP, what kind of planning do you suggest ? I understand that mandatory minimum withdrawals start at age 60, and like an RRIF, the amount is calculated by a formula, so I think the only control I have over that is how much I contribute to it between now and then, which would impact the amount of the yearly minimum withdrawals. Luckily, RDSP payments are not included in income for GIS calculation purposes, and only the govt contributions and interest earned are taxable upon withdrawal, not my own contributions. So I guess it would be only my CPP (est 6.5K at retirement), survivor’s CPP and any other investment income would affect GIS.
There will be an inheritance from my parents in the future, but I’m not including that in my planning.
I hope that clarifies things enough for you to adjust any assumptions? I’m guessing TFSA is still the way to go, though I’m wondering if some combo of RRSP contributions, using the refund to pay down the mortgage, and melting down the RRSP before retirement is worth considering…but maybe that thought process belongs in another post ;-)
Hi girlgeek,
Thanks. Your situation is an interesting challenge. I enjoy working through situations with creative options.
First, I have a question that is a significant factor in determining your best strategy. Are you splitting less than half of your husband’s pension income or does he have other income?
If his only other income is CPP & OAS, they could be about $17,000, which would make his portion of his pension income $37,000. You added $23,000 to your income from pension splitting. Is his pension paying him $60,000 or $46,000?
The reason this is important is because, if you are not splitting the maximum, then you could split at least $8,000 more and still benefit from your lower tax rate. Then RRSP contributions you make would effectively save you 30% tax because it would allow you to split more pension income. Then RRSP would be your better choice. I would need to know the figures to estimate how much you should contribute to your RRSP.
If you are already splitting the maximum, then your tax bracket today and after you retire would be the same. Your income will be almost exactly the same. In that case, TFSA is probably better. Mathematically, they would work out the same, but RRSPs could potentially cause problems for you later if tax rates rise or more government programs are clawed back.
The interesting part could be your “2nd retirement”. I assume you would get your husband’s CPP survivor, which would give you $10-11,000 CPP income. In addition, you would have your OAS and income from your RDSP.
This might mean that you could qualify for a bit of Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS). You qualify if your taxable income (excluding OAS) is less than $16,500 for a widow. You could plan your RDSP withdrawals to make that happen.
If this could be a possibility, then the TFSA is definitely your best option. Withdrawing from your RRSP or RRIF would result in a 50% claw back on any GIS.
There could be an advantage to saving your RRSP contribution room until then. If you are still 71 or younger at the time, you may be able to increase your GIS by contributing to an RRSP at that time.
In short, TFSA is most likely your bet option, unless you are not splitting the maximum pension now.
Ed
Hi Ed,
Another excellent article – thank you!
I’m struggling to come up with a retirement plan and TFSA/RRSP strategy, so maybe you can shed some light for me and point me in the right direction.
Here is my situation:
My spouse is 65 and retired with a fully indexed defined benefit pension, plus CPP and OAS. After pension splitting, his net income after pension splitting is approx 54K and his marginal tax rate is approx. 30%. When he passes away, his pension stops; I will not receive a survivor pension, other than CPP/OAS. He has no RRSP contribution room due to a pension adjustment.
I am 20 years younger, and have been on CPP Disability since 2005. I also receive the Disability Tax Credit and have an RDSP. I hope to be able to work part-time again one day, but it’s hard to say if that will be possible. My net income after pension splitting is approx 35K with a 20% MTR (my income would be around 12K without pension splitting with my spouse). I will be eligible for CPP at retirement, estimated at around $350-545.00 per month, as well as full OAS. I have about 69K of available RRSP contribution room.
We have approx 50K available for contribution to our TFSAs and/or my RRSP, but no other savings.
So technically, I guess you could say I’m already retired (though not by choice). However, given that my husband is 20 years older and is likely to predecease me, I’m trying to plan for a “second” retirement when I’ll be on my own, esp given I will lose the significant income his pension is bringing in.
I’m guessing my tax bracket will either be lower or about the same as it is now. It seems a “waste” to let all my RRSP room lie unused if it could be leveraged, though it does seem that TFSAs may be the way to go for me.
Would really appreciate your feedback!
Good FP article on this topic:
http://business.financialpost.com/2013/01/24/how-much-do-you-need-to-save/
“…the amount of income you need after retirement if you want to consume at the same rate as when you were working…is only 50% of your gross income and might even be less.”
“In general, a couple with two children and a home can calculate their target RRSP balance by taking the portion of their household income over $70,000 and multiplying it by 6. These calculations assume you will retire at 65 and achieve a net return on your savings of 5.75% per annum both before and after retirement.”
(currently reading a 2010 paper by the author to investigate his methods)
Thus, an average retired Canadian household (working income $70,000) would require only 47% of gross income, need not contribute any money to an RRSP, and only save 4% of gross for 35 years to attain the sane-level of consumption as their current lifestyle (coupled with government transfers).
That’s saving $2,800 a year for a total of $280,000.
$115 a month (per person).
Geez, maybe I am richer than I think!
I have no idea what point your are trying to make Alex.
I don’t encourage anything. I know plenty of retirees who live very comfortable on government sources alone. GIC, OAS and CPP. Even if a person earned minimum wage their entire lives, we have moderate wealth distribution to allow them to carry on a reasonable life.
If you want to get into a discussion about the ability to earn more than minimum wage, this is a different matter. All my posts in this thread have related to planning for retirement and how savings made during working lives can result in better than barebones retirement.
Again not sure what you are trying to discuss. If you want to discuss low income vs. high income. I used to earn below minimum wage for many years as a graduate student. I still managed to sock away 15% of my gross income. Choices.
While I have some sympathy for minimum wage earners, they certainly can carry out similar lifestyles during retirement on Government benefits alone.
Yep, you’re right. It is just so easy to continue to be poor when you have been poor your whole life. In fact, we should probably encourage everyone to be poor so that they don’t have to worry about maintaining such a high standard of living during their retirement.
Of course, the fact that they can’t really afford to retire until they are close to death might make it a tough sell.
Alex, I was referring to median values that SST was using.
While I have some sympathy for minimum wage earners, they certainly can carry out similar lifestyles during retirement on Government benefits alone.
15% of you $20k per year isn’t very much either.
Uhhhh, Sampson,
You do realize that the highest minimum wage in Canada gives you $1909 gross per month (assuming 40 hours/week, 4.34 weeks/month). This is $22908/year before any taxes, deductions, etc.
The lowest minimum wage in Canada (Alberta) gives you $1631/month=$19572/year.
I don’t agree that Canadians don’t save because cost of living is too high.
Spending is too high. That is the bottom line. Canadians do not prioritize savings and that is their own fault.
Even working near minimum wage, with realistic goals and spending habits, one can still save a reasonable amount to get them through retirement years if you consider CPP, OAS, and GIS moneys.
Re: your numbers, I know they are average, but even in the big cities, it is reasonable to spend $30k-$35k per year only, given the proper choices. That still leaves enough to maximize RRSPs and the 18%.